Rajagopala Beerangi : The Monster Cannon of Thanjavur

-Rama Chandra Bangari

It is one of the largest forge-welded iron cannons in the world, ranking fourth among the largest cannons ever fired in history. ( as per India Historical moments Facebook page)

Thanjavur, a city rich in heritage and history, is home to a forgotten marvel of ancient Indian engineering and craftsmanship — the Rajagopala Beerangi, also known as the Thanjavur Cannon. This monumental forge-welded iron cannon is not only an engineering masterpiece but also a symbol of the military ingenuity of the Nayak period. It stands as a testimony to the advanced metallurgical skills and strategic foresight of medieval India.

Historical Background

The Rajagopala Beerangi was commissioned during the reign of Raghunatha Nayak (1600–1645 CE), a prominent ruler of the Nayak dynasty, known for his patronage of art, culture, and architecture. In 1620, this formidable cannon was forged at Kollumedu and strategically positioned at the eastern rampart of Thanjavur Fort to guard the city against invasions. By 1650, it had proven its worth by repelling enemies attempting to breach the East Gate (Keelavasal).

Engineering Marvel

The Rajagopala Beerangi is an astonishing example of forge-welding technology, an advanced technique for its time. Measuring 26 feet (7.9 meters) in length and weighing a massive 20 tonnes, the cannon was constructed by welding 43 long iron plates into its core and reinforcing them with 94 iron rings on the exterior.

The level of precision in its construction is remarkable, considering it was forged over 400 years ago. Its inner diameter of 635 mm makes it one of the largest-caliber cannons in history. Despite centuries of exposure to harsh weather, the cannon has resisted rusting, a testament to the unparalleled metallurgical expertise of its creators.

Military Capabilities

This enormous cannon was designed to fire iron cannonballs weighing up to 1,000 kilograms. Its size and firepower made it a formidable weapon, ensuring the city’s defenses remained impenetrable. Ranking as the fourth-largest cannon ever fired in history, the Rajagopala Beerangi symbolizes the military dominance of the Nayak dynasty.

Current Status

The Rajagopala Beerangi is now located at Beerangi Medu, a site near the iconic Brihadeeswarar Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. While its historical significance is undeniable, the cannon has faced periods of neglect. Efforts are underway to preserve this engineering marvel and restore its rightful place in India’s historical narrative.

Legacy and Lessons

The Rajagopala Beerangi is more than just a weapon; it is a symbol of India’s rich heritage in science, technology, and military strategy. It stands as a silent witness to an era when Indian metallurgy was far ahead of its time. This ancient cannon not only safeguarded the city but also showcased the creativity and ingenuity of its makers.

Preserving the Rajagopala Beerangi is essential, not just for its historical value but also for the inspiration it provides to modern engineers and historians. It reminds us that even in the 17th century, India was a pioneer in technological advancements.

Conclusion

The Rajagopala Beerangi is a treasure trove of history, craftsmanship, and innovation. As we celebrate the rich legacy of our ancestors, it is our responsibility to protect and honor such monuments. The Thanjavur Cannon deserves to be recognized not just as a relic of the past but as a beacon of India’s enduring brilliance in science and engineering.